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Pavel Yu. Pushkarev

Professor, Faculty of Geology of MSU

 

Personal data

Date of birth:     April 7, 1976

Place of Birth:     Moscow, USSR

Citizenship:     Russian

Languages:     Russian, English

Office address:     Russia, 119234, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1, MSU, Faculty of Geology

Mob. tel.:     +7 (905) 703-7950

E-mail:     pavel_pushkarev@list.ru

 

Education

1998 – Specialist degree in geology and geophysics from the Faculty of Geology of MSU;

- diploma thesis “Graphic interface and analysis of software for 2D magnetotelluric data modeling and inversion”, 5th year (supervisor prof. M.N. Berdichevsky);

- term paper “Mathematical modelling of frequency soundings based on data from Alexandrovka-Yukhnov testing ground”, 4th year (supervisor ass. prof. A.G. Yakovlev);

- term paper “Geothermal energy, methods of exploration and exploitation”, 1st year (supervisor prof. V.K. Khmelevskoy);

1997 – Graduated from Computer Academy of MSU;

1993 – Graduated from Moscow school # 1260 (former # 4).

 

Academic degree and rank

2017 – Doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences from the Faculty of Geology of MSU, dissertation “Interpretation of low-frequency electromagnetic soundings of inhomogeneous medium with application to solution of geological problems”;

2008 – Associate Professor of the Chair of Geophysics of the Faculty of Geology;

2002 – Ph.D. in physics and mathematics from the Faculty of Geology of MSU, dissertation “Magnetotelluric Studies of Ocean-Continent Transition Zone (with Application to Cascadia Subduction Zone)” (supervisor prof. M.N. Berdichevsky).

 

Employment

2018 – Present           Professor, Faculty of Geology of MSU;

2007 – 2018                Associate Professor, Faculty of Geology of MSU;

2001 – 2007               Assistant, Faculty of Geology of MSU;

1998 – 2001               Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Geology of MSU;

Second job

2005 – 2022                Director, “Spectra-Geophysics Ltd” geophysical company;

2015 – 2018               Researcher, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (SU);

2011 – 2013               Engineer, EDB of Oceanological Engineering of RAS;

2007 – 2009               Researcher, Institute of Archaeology of RAS;

1998 – 2005               Geophysicist, “Nord-West Ltd” geophysical company.

 

Courses taught in MSU

- Geophysical field theory, section “electromagnetic field” (since 2009);

- Ill-posed problems in geophysics (since 2011);

- Theory of electromagnetic soundings (since 2006);

- Electromagnetic soundings in deep interior studies (since 2015);

- Forward and inverse problems of electromagnetic soundings (since 2022);

- Marine and shallow-water areas electrical prospecting (since 2016);

- Mathematical methods in geocryology and geophysics (for geocryologists) (since 2019);

- Basics of the theory of electromagnetic soundings (for geocryologists) (since 2021);

- Geophysical fields of the World Ocean (for marine geologists) (since 2014);

- Forward and inverse problems of magnetotellurics (2016-2021);

- Practical magnetotellurics (2013-2015);

- Models and methods of magnetotellurics (2008-2012);

- Geophysics, section “electromagnetic and thermal prospecting” (2004-2007);

- Geophysical methods in mineral exploration (2004-2006);

- Field practice in electromagnetic methods, section “frequency sounding” (2003-2012);

- Marine electromagnetic prospecting (2002-2015).

- Electromagnetic prospecting, section “laboratory practice” (2002-2010).

 

Courses of lectures for students and specialists from other institutions

- Forward and inverse problems of EM soundings of the Earth, 16 lectures, SRGTC FEB RAS, March 2021;

- Marine EM prospecting, 4 lectures, “Rosneft”, March 2017;

- Electromagnetic methods in petroleum geophysics, 3 lectures, “Skoltech”, February 2016.

 

Scientific guidance of term papers in MSU

- Magnetic fields of planets, 1st year (since 2024);

- Natural low-frequency electromagnetic field of the Earth, 1st year (2019-2024);

- Marine electromagnetic exploration for hydrocarbons, 1st year (2012-2016);

- Deep resistivity structure of oceans and continents, 1st year (2003-2011);

- Possibilities of electromagnetic exploration for oil and gas, 1st year (2003-2011);

- Solution of the forward problem of magnetotelluric sounding for a two-layer model, 2nd year (since 2000).

 

Research interests

- Development of methods and software for electromagnetic data processing, analysis, modeling and interpretation;

- Investigation of resistivity structure of the Earth’s consolidated crust and upper mantle using ground-based, marine and satellite magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data;

- Application of electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon and solid mineral prospecting, as well as for geodynamic, geothermal, engineering-geological, groundwater, permafrost and archaeological studies.

 

Participation in research projects

- RSF Grant “Development of methodology for correction and interpretation of magnetotelluric data” (2024-2025);

- MSU Grant “Study of the internal structure of the Moon and Mars by geophysical methods” (2023-2025);

- RSF Grant “Assessment of the capabilities of pseudorandom signals in marine time-domain electromagnetic systems when applied in Russian Arctic shelf environment” (2023-2024);

- RFBR Grant “The deep structure of the triple junction of the East European Platform’s segments based on magnetotelluric and seismological data” (2018-2020);

- Gazpromneft STC Project “Prospects for non-seismic methods application” (2017-2018);

- Gazpromneft STC Project “Three-dimensional modeling to determine the capabilities of electromagnetic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing to detail data on the geomechanical properties of rocks” (2017-2018);

- RFBR Grant “Complex geophysical model of Lake Ladoga conductivity anomaly zone and its geotectonic implications” (2016-2018);

- RFBR Grant “Investigations of Ladoga conductivity anomaly deep structure with a complex of synchronous magnetotelluric and magnetovariational soundings” (2013-2015);

- RFBR and DST Grant “Deciphering 3D Geoelectrical structure from magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data recorded in Garhwal Himalayan region” (2013-2014);

- RFBR Grant “Compilation of map of conductivity anomalies in the consolidated Earth's crust of northern Eurasia” (2011-2013);

- RFBR Grant “Integrated geophysical study of the Earth's crust in the region of Baryatino magnetic anomaly” (2011-2013);

- RFBR Grant “Deep structure and geodynamical features of depression zones of intracontinental mountain sites exemplified by Central Tien Shan” (2011-2013);

- The Ministry of Education and Science Project “Development of method of integrated passive electro-seismo-prospecting of hydrocarbon deposits, with application to Arctic shelf, and construction of experimental sample of deep-water bottom geophysical station” (2011-2012);

- RFBR and CRDF Grant “Development of magnetotelluric geophysical methods for geothermal resources exploration” (2011-2012);

- RFBR and GKR Grant “Development of scientific background for integrated geological and geophysical investigation of crystalline basement for geothermal resources evaluation (with application to Kaluga area)” (2011);

- TSNIIMASH Project “Development of suggestions on application of possibilities of prospective manned space infrastructure aimed at research and education” (2010);

- The Ministry of Education and Science Project “Development of method of integrated microseismic, geoelectrical and geochemical studies for hydrocarbon prognosis at the Arctic continental shelf” (2009-2010);

- NorilskGeologiya Project “Interpretation of magnetotelluric data, obtained at Verkhne-Turmakitskaya area” (2009);

- RFBR Grant “The advancement of new approaches to the analysis and interpretation of magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data” (2008-2010);

- RFBR Grant “Integrated electromagnetic and seismic study of deep structure and geodynamic processes in the central part of East-European craton” (2008-2010);

- RFBR Grant “Semibratnee site: complex research based on the natural, technical and humanitarian scientific methods” (2007-2009);

- NorilskGeologiya Project “Development of Software for Magnetotelluric and Magnetovariational Data Analysis and Interpretation” (2007-2008);

- BHP Billiton Project “Recovery if IP Response from EM Data in Broadband EM Surveys” (2007-2008);

- ROSNEDRA Project “Development of magnetotelluric data interpretation technology, based on 2D inversion and 3D modeling” (2006-2008);

- RFBR Grant “Analysis of informativeness of magnetotelluric and magnetovariational soundings” (2005-2007);

- FASIE Grant “Development of the Technology of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Sounding of the Earth” (2005-2006);

- INTAS Grant “Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic and Thermal Tomography of the Active Crustal Zones” (2004-2006);

- INTAS Grant “Study of the Deep Geoelectric Structure of East-European Platform and Adjacent Regions” (2004-2005);

- RFBR and FASIE Grant “Development of a New Technology of Regional Electromagnetic Explorations in Oil-producing and Ore-bearing Regions” (2003-2004);

- RFBR Grant “Development of method of local magnetovariational sounding” (2002-2004);

- RFBR Grant “Theory development and mathematical modeling of forward and inverse problems of high-frequency electromagnetic prospecting” (2002-2004);

- RFBR Grant “Study of deep structure of Juan de Fuca Subduction zone using electromagnetic data” (1999-2001).

 

Scientific visits

- Gaspromneft STC, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (2018);

- Diyadin Jeotermal A.S., Diadin, Turkey (2017);

- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China (2015);

- Research Station of RAS in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (2006, 2012);

- Caspian expedition of PGS-Khazar Ltd and Soliton Ltd, Lagan, Russia (2011);

- Siberian Geophysical Research Development Company Ltd, Irkutsk, Russia (2011);

- Norilskgeologiya Ltd, Norilsk, Russia (2009);

- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland (2009);

- Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory of National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (2008);

- Institute of Volcanology and Seismology of RAS in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia (2008);

- Institute of Geophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland (1998, 2003, 2004, 2005);

- TNG-Kazangeofizika Ltd, Kazan, Russia (2004);

- Phoenix Geophysics Ltd, Canada (2001);

- Schlumberger-Doll Research Center, USA (1999).

 

Conduction of geophysical surveys

- Smolensk, Pskov and Tver Oblast, deep MT method, delineation of crustal and mantle anomalies (2018 - 2020);

- Leningrad Oblast and Karelia, deep MT method, study of crustal anomaly (2014, 2016, 2018);

- Crimea, VES method, archeological and paleogeographic studies (2018);

- Crimea, MT and AMT methods, study of mud volcanoes and coastal zone (2017);

- Kyrgyz Tien-Shan, TEM method, study of active tectonic zones (2012);

- Kaluga region (Russia), FDEM, TEM and MT methods, students practice (2003 - 2012);

- Krasnodar region (Russia), VES method, archeological and paleogeographic studies (2007 - 2009);

- Ryazan region (Russia), MT method, underground gas storage facility investigation (2008);

- Greece, AMT and TEM methods, groundwater exploration (2007);

- Spain, AMT, TEM and FDEM methods, engineering studies (2007);

- Kyrgyz Tien-Shan, MT method, study of active tectonic zone (2006);

- Iceland, MT method, geothermal exploration (2005 - 2006);

- Italy, MT method, geothermal exploration (2004);

- Greece, TEM method, archeological studies (2004).

 

Interpretation of geophysical exploration data (for “MSU-Geophysics” Ltd.)

- AMT exploration of the gold deposit in Kyrinsky district of Zabaykalsky krai (starting 03.10.2021);

- AMT exploration of the gold deposit in Kuraginsky district of Krasnoyarsk krai (starting 17.07.2021);

- AMT exploration of the gold deposit in Susumansky district of Magadan region (starting 08.10.2020);

- AMT exploration of the gold deposit in Tenkinsky district Magadan region (starting 18.10.2018);

- Detailed hydrocarbon AMT exploration in Priazovye (starting 27.07.2017);

- Regional hydrocarbon MT exploration in Priazovye (starting 17.02.2017);

- Hydrocarbon MT exploration in Georgia (starting 12.06.2013);

- Geothermal MT exploration at Kamchatka peninsula (starting 12.11.2011);

- MT exploration of the sedimentary basin at the North-East of India (starting 10.04.2011);

- AMT exploration of the gold deposit in Tenkinsky district of Magadan region (starting 12.08.2010).

 

Software development

- MSU_EM1D, 1D modeling and inversion of MT, MV, FDEM and TEM data taking IP affect into account (evolution of old software EM1D), since 2023;

- GMC, geophysical models construction (together with D.D. Popov and M.A. Sukonkin), since 2023;

- MTDA, magnetotelluric data analysis (together with D.D. Popov and M.A. Sukonkin), since 2023;

- Faraday 2.0, 1D interpretation of MT, FDEM and TEM data (scientific supervisor, programming – S. Kozlov and A. Penkin), since 2015;

- Shell_1D, graphic interface for analysis or 1D smoothed-structure MT inversion results (obtained using software by S. Constable), since 2012;

- Shell_3D, graphic interface for analysis or 3D smoothed-structure MT inversion results (obtained using software by W. Siripunvaraporn), since 2009;

- Faraday, 1D interpretation of MT, FDEM and TEM data (scientific supervisor, programming – I. Kupriyanov), since 2008;

- Gauss, analysis and interpretation of MT and MV data (scientific supervisor, programming – M. Vanarho), since 2007;

- CroSec, construction of integrated cross-sections using MT, FDEM and TEM results, since 2007;

- MT_Array, analysis of MT data using diagrams and contour maps (scientific supervisor, programming – P. Ivanov), since 2006;

- Ficus, correction of MT static shifts, since 2004;

- EM1D, 1D modeling and fitting of MT, MV, FDEM and TEM data taking IP effect into account (evolution of old software MSU_FS1D), 2004 - 2023.

- M3D_Conv, converter of 3D MT data modeling results (obtained using software by R. Mackie), since 2003;

- Shell_2D, set of MATLAB scripts for analysis or 2D smoothed-structure MT inversion results (obtained using software by R. Mackie or W. Siripunvaraporn), since 1999;

- IGF_MT2D, MT 2D modeling and interpretation with fixed geometry of blocks (based on modeling and inversion procedures by K. Nowozynski), since 1998;

- SLP_MT3D, graphic interface for MT thin-sheet 3D modeling software (by E. Fainberg and B. Singer), 1997 - 2004;

- MSU_DC1D, DC and IP 1D modeling and interpretation, construction of cross-sections (includes procedure for 1D modeling using arbitrary array by S. Rogova and A. Yakovlev), 1996 - 2002;

- MSU_FS1D, 1D modelling and fitting of FDEM data (scientific supervisor A. Yakovlev), 1996 - 2004.

 

Professional activities

- Deputy Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the All-Russian Workshop on Electromagnetic Soundings of the Earth, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Professor M.N. Berdichevsky (Moscow, 2023);

- Member of the Organizing Committee of the Scientific and practical conference “Electroprocpecting-2022” (2022);

- Chairman of the Programme Committee of the 8th All-Russian school-seminar on electromagnetic soundings of the Earth (Moscow, 2021);

- Member of the Organizing Committee of the Scientific and practical conference “Electroprocpecting-2021” (2021);

- Member of the Organizing Committee of the 5th International conference “Innovations in geology, geophysics and geography – 2020” (2020);

- Member of the Editorial Board of the journal “Physics of the Solid Earth” (“Fizika Zemli”) (since 2019);

- Member of the Dissertation Council MSU.01.15 of the Faculty of Physics of MSU (since 2019);

- Member of the Dissertation Council MSU.04.03 of the Faculty of Geology of MSU (since 2018);

- Member of the Programme Committee of the 7th All-Russian school-seminar on electromagnetic soundings of the Earth (Irkutsk 2015);

- Member of the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Geology of MSU (since 2013);

- Responsible for admitting students from the University of Strasbourg (France) to geophysical practices (scientific schools) at MSU (2012-2019);

- Member of the Programme Committee of the 5th All-Russian school-seminar on electromagnetic soundings of the Earth (Saint-Petersburg, 2011);

- Secretary of the Educational commission of Geophysical department of the Faculty of Geology of MSU (since 2011);

- Member of the Organizing Committee of the International conference “Modern state of Earth sciences” in memory of V.E. Khain (2011);

- Co-supervisor of scientific school of young scientists “Methods and instruments for the solution of magnetotelluric inverse problems” (2010);

- Member of the Organizing Committee of the International workshop on EM soundings in memory of professors M.N. Berdichevsky and P. Weidelt (2010);

- Board member of the Interregional charity non-government foundation “Assistance to the development of geophysical investigations in geology and geophysics” (since 2007);

- Responsible for organization of the purchase of long-period magnetovariational and magnetotelluric stations for the Faculty of Geology of MSU (2007, 2010);

- Organizer of geophysical section of annual Student’s scientific conference of the Faculty of Geology of MSU (2007-2010);

- Responsible for annual reports of Geophysical chair of the Faculty of Geology of MSU on international relations (since 2006);

- Co-organizer of field school-seminars at MSU geophysical base in Alexandrovka (2002-2004).

 

Publications

- Textbooks and tutorials – 14;

- Programmes of academic disciplines – 16;

- Patents and certificates of software registration – 13;

- Papers in journals – 57;

- Papers in proceedings – 58;

- Abstracts – 155.

 

Peer review of scientific papers for journals

- Computational Technologies (2024);

- Analysis and Data Processing Systems (2024);

- Russian Journal of Earth Sciences (2023);

- Science and Technological Developments (2023);

- Lithology and Mineral Resources (2023);

- Pure and Applied Geophysics (2022);

- Geologia i Geofizika / Geology and Geophysics (2021-2024);

- Journal of Ocean University of China (2021);

- Frontiers in Earth Science, section “Solid Earth Geophysics” (2020);

- Geofizicheskie Processy i Biosfera / Geophysical Processes and Biosphere (2019-2020);

- MDPI Journals “Algorithms”, “Applied Sciences”, “Energies”, “Heritage”, “Minerals”, “Remote Sensing” (2018-2024);

- Vestnik MGU, Seriya 4, Geologia / Moscow University Bulletin, Series 4, Geology (2018);

- Vestnik KRAUNC, Nauki o Zemle / Bulletin of KRAESС, Earth Sciences (2015-2023);

- Journal of Applied Geophysics (2013-2017);

- Geofizika / Geophysics (2013-2023);

- Geofizicheskie Issledovania / Geophysical Research (2012-2023);

- Fizika Zemli / Physics of the Solid Earth (2012-2018);

- Zapiski Gornogo Instituta / Journal of Mining Institute (2012-2014);

- Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica (2012);

- Geologia i Razvedka / Geology and Exploration (2009-2017);

- Chinese Journal of Geophysics (2009).

 

Rewards

- V. Potanin Foundation Grant for young teachers of the leading Russian State Universities (2007);

- MSU Academic Council program “100+100” of encouragement of perspective young doctors and candidates of science (2007);

- Stipendiums of MSU Academic Council for young lecturers and scientists (2003, 2005);

- RFBR Young Scientist Grants (2001, 2003);

- Schlumberger Scholarship (2000);

- Stipendium of the Russian Geological Survey (1997).

 

Ph.D. Theses

1.               Ivanov Pavel, 2012. Ph.D. thesis “Development of electromagnetic soundings data interpretation methods for engineering geophysics”;

2.               Geraskin Aleksey, 2011. Ph.D. thesis “Signal processing system for low-frequency controlled-source electroprospecting”.

 

Students

1.               Savelyev Ivan, 2023. Master’s thesis “Processing the data of Alexandrovka geomagnetic observatory”;

2.               Sumarokova Elizaveta, 2019. Master’s thesis “Efficiency of electromagnetic methods in hydrocarbon geophysics”;

3.               Desyatov Dmitry, 2017. Master’s thesis “Resistivity cross-section of Mountainous Crimea”;

4.               Sumarokova Elizaveta, 2017. Bachelor’s thesis “Resistivity structure of Hengill geothermal zone (Iceland)»;

5.               Egorova Tatyana, 2016. Master’s thesis “Magnetotelluric studies of the deep structure of the Garhwal Himalaya (India)”;

6.               Taran Yana, 2016. Master’s thesis “Deep resistivity structure of the Northern Ladoga”;

7.               Bayramov Tamerlan, 2016. Bachelor’s thesis “Numerical Modeling of magnetotelluric soundings of geothermal zones”;

8.               Boychenko Daria, 2015. Master’s thesis “Interpretation of magnetotelluric data on the west of the Voronezh anteclise”;

9.               Rodina Tatiana, 2015. Master’s thesis “Magnetotelluric monitoring in the Alexandrovka geophysical observatory”;

10.            Egorova Tatyana, 2014. Bachelor’s thesis “Interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings in Garhwal Himalaya (India)”;

11.            Taran Yana, 2014. Bachelor’s thesis “Magnetotelluric study of Ladoga crustal conductivity anomaly”;

12.            Ivanova Katerina, 2014. Master’s thesis “Geophysical study of intermountain Issyk-Kul depression”;

13.            Boychenko Daria, 2013. Bachelor’s thesis “Magnetotelluric soundings on the western slope of the Voronezh anteclise”;

14.            Sherbina Feliks, 2012. Master’s thesis “Deep resistivity structure of intermountain Issyk-Kul depression”;

15.            Ivanova Katerina, 2012. Bachelor’s thesis “Development of magnetotelluric method for geothermal resources exploration”;

16.            Moilanen Evgeny, 2010. Master’s thesis “Investigation of the possibilities of magnetotelluric data interpretation methods using ore-bearing intrusion model”;

17.            Bazhenova Galina, 2010. Bachelor’s thesis “Electromagnetic prospecting for the characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Vostochno-Belikovskaya area (Krasnodar Region)”;

18.            Sherbina Feliks, 2010. Bachelor’s thesis “Magnetotelluric investigations along “Kekemeren” profile (Kyrgyz Tien-Shan)”;

19.            Petrukhina Ekaterina, 2008. Master’s thesis “Evaluation of the possibilities of 3D magnetotelluric data interpretation”;

20.            Moilanen Evgeny, 2008. Bachelor’s thesis “Electromagnetic exploration of Kureysko-Gorbiachinskaya area (Norilsk ore node)”;

21.            Ivanov Pavel, 2007. Master’s thesis “Analysis and interpretation of magnetotelluric data, obtained in Kyrgyz Tien-Shan”;

22.            Leontyev Aleksey, 2007. Specialist’s thesis “Interpretation of TEM data, obtained in Central Kazakhstan”;

23.            Matushko Alexander, 2007. Specialist’s thesis “Comparison of software for 2D magnetotelluric data inversion”;

24.            Zhizhina Irina, 2007. Specialist’s thesis “Application of pseudo-relief method for magnetotelluric data analysis”;

25.            Sileva Daria, 2006. Specialist’s thesis “Analysis and interpretation of magnetotelluric data, obtained in Hengill geothermal zone (Iceland)”;

26.            Petrukhina Ekaterina, 2006. Bachelor’s thesis “Analysis of applicability of 2D assumption in magnetotelluric data interpretation (synthesized for horst structure)”;

27.            Zhizhina Irina, 2006. Bachelor’s thesis “Verification of methods of quantitative analysis of magnetotelluric data”;

28.            Gladysheva Ekaterina, 2005. Specialist’s thesis ”Geoelectric structure of the Eastern Europe according to deep electromagnetic soundings data”;

29.            Ivanov Pavel, 2005. Bachelor’s thesis “High-resolution and classic approaches to interpretation of time-domain electromagnetic data from Kogalymskoye oil deposit”;

30.            Sileva Daria, 2005. Bachelor’s thesis “Analysis and interpretation of magnetotelluric data, obtained in geothermal zone Travale (Italy)”;

31.            Tikhomirov Oleg, 2004. Master’s thesis “Analysis and interpretation of magnetotelluric data from Baryatino magnetic anomaly area”;

32.            Kostinenkova Aleksandra, 2004. Specialist’s thesis “Electromagnetic prospecting of gold-bearing sites in Magadan region”;

33.            Khrapov Anton, 2004. Bachelor’s thesis “Processing of broadband and long-period magnetotelluric data using J. Larsen’s algorithm”;

34.            Tatarova Ekaterina, 2003. Specialist’s thesis “Possibilities of 2D inversion of magnetotelluric data in 3D environments”;

35.            Akopyants Elena, 2003. Bachelor’s thesis “Modeling and analysis of magnetovariational anomalies”;

36.            Tatarova Ekaterina, 2002. Bachelor’s thesis “Inductive frequency soundings of Avachinskaya volcano group”;

37.            Matveev Andrey, 2001. Bachelor’s thesis “Results of numerical modeling of frequency soundings of horizontally-inhomogeneous medium”.